SnapShot: B7/CD28 Costimulation

SnapShot: B7/CD28 Costimulation

B7-1 (CD80) Inducible: APCs (slower kinetics than B7-2), T cells CD28 Constitutive: mouse (all T cells), human (95% of CD4+, 50% of CD8+ T cells), plasma cells, NK cells Stimulation of naive and previously activated T cells upon TCR ligation: ↑ proliferation (↓ p27Kip1, ↑ G1/S); ↑ cytokine production (↑ NFκB, ↑ IL2); ↑ survival (↑ Bcl-xL, ↑ survival of Tregs); ↑ glucose metabolism; provides T c...

SnapShot: melanoma.

SnapShot: Macroautophagy

(Middle) Cellular Events in Macroautophagy Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a catabolic process in which portions of the cytoplasm are sequestered within double-or multimembraned vesicles termed autophagosomes and then delivered to lysosomes for bulk degradation. The initial phases of macroautophagy consist of the formation of a phago-phore, which is also called an isolati...

SnapShot: Formins

See online version for legend and references. Autosomal-dominant nonsyndromic deafness (DFNA1), myeloproliferative defects, defects in T lymphocyte traffi cking and proliferation, tumor cell invasion, defects in natural killer lymphocyte function DIAPH2 (mDia3) Cdc42 Kinetochore Stable microtubule attachment to kinetochore for chromosome alignment Premature ovarian failure DIAPH3 (mDia2) Increa...

SnapShot: Inflammasomes